Quasinormal Ringdown and Echoes in Accreting Exotic Compact Objects

Abstract

Exotic compact objects (ECOs) may produce late-time gravitational-wave (GW) echoes, but sufficiently compact ECOs undergoing realistic accretion may eventually form an event horizon. We investigate the evolution of quasinormal modes and GW echoes during this transition. Modeling the exterior spacetime with the ingoing Vaidya solution, we numerically evolve scalar perturbations on the resulting dynamical background. We show that the echo signal is progressively compressed and suppressed during accretion and disappears once the growing event horizon engulfs the reflecting surface, after which the waveform smoothly approaches the standard black hole ringdown. Our results identify the disappearance of GW echoes as a characteristic signature of horizon formation and provide a framework for studying dynamical compact objects with future GW observations.