A Comprehensive Experimental and Theoretical Spectroscopic Study of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Abstract

Amino acids are essential building blocks of life, yet our understanding of their chemistry and electronic structure in the solid state remains limited. This is particularly important because amino acids in the solid state are relevant to biological and pharmaceutical processes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provides a powerful experimental probe of chemical states and occupied electronic structure; however, most spectroscopy studies of amino acids focus on gas-phase species or surface adsorbates, while crystalline amino acids remain underexplored, largely because of experimental challenges associated with radiation damage. Additionally, the spectra are often complex and difficult to interpret, motivating a combined experimental-theoretical approach. This study combines X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to systematically investigate the core, semi-core, and valence states of 20 proteinogenic amino acids as well as selenomethionine which can be incorporated during protein synthesis and deliver the essential nutrient, Se, required by humans. Calculated relative core binding energies show excellent agreement with experiment and enable reliable assignments. Projections of the density of states provide insight into the influence of local coordination and extended crystal structure, yielding a systematic understanding of the electronic structure and bonding in solid-state AAs. The insights gained from this study enhance the understanding of crystalline amino acids and validate the robustness of an integrated experiment--theory framework.