Charged Black Holes in Einstein--$U(1)$ Gravity with Letelier--Alencar Cloud of Strings: Thermodynamics and QPO-Based Observational Constraints

Abstract

In this study, black hole solutions are derived within the framework of Einstein gravity, coupled to a $U(1)$ gauge field in the presence of both the Letelier--Alencar \textit{cloud of strings} and the cosmological constant. Subsequently, the influence of the \textit{cloud of strings} parameters and the electric charge on the structure of the event horizon is investigated. Conserved and thermodynamic quantities associated with these solutions are computed, and their consistency with the first law of black hole thermodynamics is verified. To assess the thermodynamic behavior of the system, the heat capacity and Gibbs potential are derived, thereby enabling an analysis of local and global stability under variations of the relevant parameters. Finally, the parameters of the proposed black hole solution are constrained via a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis, utilizing observational quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) data derived from stellar-mass, intermediate-mass, and supermassive black holes.