Gravitational waves decay in vacuum

Abstract

We show that gravitational waves (GW), treated as coherent graviton states, decay into photon pairs in vacuum. The process, even if suppressed by $G^2$, is lifted by two effects combined: the expected factor of the graviton number squared, $N^2$, and the coherence of the wave. We perform the calculation describing both gravity and the photons as quantized fields, though we show that the effect admits a semiclassical description once the metric is solved to second order. We estimate the resulting rates for compact binaries and a stochastic background, including the effect from stimulated decay to the cosmic microwave background (CMB). In theories with light degrees of freedom, an analogous decay into them is also possible, and more relevant for ultralight dark matter, as it can entail huge occupation numbers. We derive first constraints on cosmological GW sources by the corresponding injection of photons from CMB spectral distortions, extragalactic backgrounds, and light-nuclei photofission. In summary, the decay of GWs into photons offers a new (challenging) handle on the detection of GW sources, and represents a new mechanism to generate other particles across cosmic history.