Collective states of multi-level emitters: The role of multi-level interferences

Abstract

We explore how collective states of light and matter differ when the multi-level nature of the quantum emitters is fully taken into account. For closely spaced emitters, interferences between near-resonant transitions completely change the character of the collective states compared to two-level approximations. In particular, we find a lower bound on the emitter separation for superradiance to occur which does not exist for two-level emitters. By contrast, for larger separations between the emitters, the collective states resemble those obtained within the widely used two-level approximation of the emitters. Both regimes may be realized by molecules trapped in optical lattices. We therefore propose molecular candidates and describe experimental signatures of emerging multi-level interference.