Generalized Kazakov-Migdal Models on Graphs via Artin-Ihara $L$-function and Random Partitions

Abstract

We introduce Kazakov-Migdal (KM)-type gauge theories on graphs via the Artin-Ihara $L$-function, providing a unified description of the models proposed in prior works. Using harmonic analysis on the group manifold, we reformulate the KM-type model on the cycle graph as a random partition model governed by the Schur measure. We exactly solve the KM-type model on the cycle graph in the fundamental representation as the random partition model in the large $N_c$ limit and demonstrate that the Gross-Witten-Wadia phase transition occurs precisely when the limiting shape of the Young diagram touches the boundary of the allowed representation space. We further clarify that this phase transition is intimately related to Bose-Einstein condensation, and the strong/weak coupling duality possesses a natural combinatorial interpretation as the exchange between the Young diagram and its complement, reflecting the functional equation of the Artin-Ihara $L$-function. We also establish a definitive relationship between the eigenvalue density of the unitary matrix and the Maya diagram density of the random partitions by deriving a droplet picture from the spectral curve.