Measurements of non-linear energy transfer in canonical and drag-reduced turbulent boundary layers

Abstract

Three-dimensional particle-tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) measurements were used to compute the spectral transport of the Reynolds-stress tensor. The experimental framework is validated for a zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layer (TBL) at a friction Reynolds number $Re_τ= 1020$, demonstrating that the dominant non-linear energy transfer mechanisms are adequately resolved to draw flow physics-based conclusions. For the streamwise Reynolds stress in the ZPG TBL, a component-wise decomposition of the non-linear transport term is considered for the first time, which reveals distinct energy transfer mechanisms associated with the spanwise and wall-normal advection. The same experimental framework was applied to a drag-reduced ($\approx 38\%$) TBL flow, achieved by imposing a steady streamwise-alternating spanwise wall velocity. This wall forcing causes a strong attenuation of non-linear energy transfer and its shift away from the wall. The energy transfer mechanisms remain qualitatively similar to those of the canonical ZPG TBL, suggesting that the existing mechanisms simply readjust to their new low-turbulent-energy state.