Equilibration versus Localization in a Diffusion-Relaxation System

Abstract

We consider a diffusion-relaxation system and investigate the conditions on parameters leading to equilibration versus localization. When the diffusion is dominant, solutions converge toward homogeneous equilibria. By contrast, when the effective diffusion is weak, localization emerges. Such behaviors have been studied for various models through formal asymptotic arguments and linearized stability analysis, but rigorous understanding of the associated nonlinear phenomena remains limited, particularly in higher dimensions. In the equilibration regime, we establish convergence toward constant equilibria by exploiting an energy dissipation structure and invariant-region estimates. In the localization regime, we study self-similar solutions and transform the problem of their existence into an autonomous dynamical system. The existence of self-similar profiles associated to localizing solutions is reduced to the construction of a heteroclinic orbit for an autonomous dynamical system. Their existence is obtained through an application of geometric singular perturbation theory. Our analysis provides a rigorous characterization of the transition from equilibration to localization.