From Convex to Non-convex: Evolution of Rarefaction-dispersive shock interactions and the Influence of Non-convexity

Abstract

In this paper, we focus on the analytical description of the interaction between a rarefaction and dispersive shock wave across both convex and non-convex cases, with particular attention to the effect of the non-convexity, within the framework of the Gardner equation. For convex structures, internal oscillations degenerate into small amplitude harmonic waves or a modulated soliton train as t tends to infinity, accompanied by either a retained rarefaction part, or a new dispersive shock wave emanating from it. Taking into account the non-convexity, when alpha>0, we find that kinks either remain non-participating in the interaction at all, or only act to switch polarities of convex structures. As for alpha<0, we solve the Gardner-Whitham equations with three varying Riemann invariants, to analyze the rarefaction-contact dispersive shock interaction where the only possible configuration is that the rarefaction wave is on the left. It is demonstrated that the rarefaction wave will be completely drawn into the interaction region, with a changed contact dispersive shock wave escaping from the left. And internal oscillations eventually degenerate into an asymptotic algebraic soliton train as t tends to infinity. In addition, we study the interaction between a rarefaction wave and composite structure consisting of the contact and classical dispersive shock parts under two distinct situations: (i) For the composite structure-rarefaction interaction, the contact part remains inactive in the interaction, and internal oscillations ultimately degenerate into a contact dispersive shock wave. (ii) For the rarefaction-composite structure case, the entire composite structure participates in the interaction, during