Concentration, Local Uniqueness, and Morse Index of Multi-bubble Solutions for a Critical Exponential Biharmonic Choquard Equation

Abstract

Let $Ω\subset\mathbb R^4$ be a bounded domain of class $C^6$, let $0<α<4$, and let $K\in C^4(\overlineΩ)$ be positive. We study the Navier problem \[ Δ^2u=\varepsilon^{8-α}K(x)e^{u(x)} \left(\int_Ω\frac{K(y)e^{u(y)}}{|x-y|^α}\,dy\right), \qquad u=Δu=0\quad\text{on }\partialΩ. \] Let $G$ be the Navier Green function, let $H$ be its regular part, and put $M_α=8π^2(8-α)$. The concentration points are governed by \[ \mathcal F_m(\boldsymbolξ) =\sum_{i=1}^m \left[\log K(ξ_i)+\frac{M_α}{2}H(ξ_i,ξ_i)\right] +M_α\sum_{i<j}G(ξ_i,ξ_j). \] Every $C^1$-stable critical point of $\mathcal F_m$ produces a positive $m$-bubble solution whose scales are of order $\varepsilon^{-1}$ and whose nonlinear source converges to $M_α\sum_iδ_{ξ_i^*}$. If the critical point is nondegenerate, the corresponding $m$-bubble solution is locally unique, modulo permutations, in a fixed scaled modulation neighborhood. The linearized operator is nondegenerate on $H^2(Ω)\cap H_0^1(Ω)$, and \[ \operatorname{ind}(u_\varepsilon) =m+\operatorname{ind}\!\left(-D^2\mathcal F_m(\boldsymbolξ^*)\right). \] A critical four-dimensional capacity controls the scale directions. The dilation block of the reduced Hessian is positive and equals $8π^2b_α^2|\log\varepsilon|^{-1}I_m+o(|\log\varepsilon|^{-1})$, where $b_α=(8-α)/2$.