108 ps coincidence time resolution through optimized scintillators, photodetectors, readout electronics, and DOI-based timing correction in orthogonally stacked detector configurations

Abstract

Objective. Existing commercial time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) systems yield a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of ~200 ps or less full width at half maximum (FWHM). Recently, there has been a challenge to achieve a CTR of 100 ps FWHM at the system level. However, current silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and 20-mm-thick scintillators in conventional single-ended readout scheme is difficult to achieve 100 ps CTR; the photon transport time spread (PTS) within the scintillator crystal is a major barrier. Differences in the interaction position result in variations in PTS on the order of several tens of ps, thereby degrading the CTR. A shorter scintillator can improve CTR; however, this can degrade detection efficiency. Approach. To overcome this trade-off between the CTR and detection efficiency, we previously proposed xDetector, an orthogonally stacked configuration along the longitudinal axis of scintillator crystals. We investigated the CTR potential of the xDetector by improving the scintillator, photodetector, and readout electronics, and by applying CTR correction based on a three-dimensional interaction within the scintillator. Main results. Based on error propagation, the CTR of the paired xDetector was calculated as 113.5 $\pm$ 2.7 ps FWHM. Furthermore, the CTR of the xDetector was measured at four positions along the longitudinal axis by manually sliding the xDetector, and the corrected achieved CTR was 108.6 $\pm$ 1.9 ps FWHM. Moreover, compared with the conventional single detector using a 20.0 mm scintillator, CTR improved by an average of 10.3%. Significance. The xDetector offers potential as a PET detector concept to achieve a CTR of 100 ps FWHM. Such timing performance is expected to improve TOF-PET image quality and quantitative accuracy, contributing to more reliable disease detection and diagnosis than current PET detectors.