VLM- and LLM-Driven Multi-Agent System for PET Image Denoising

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging suffers from limited spatial resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio, which can compromise quantitative accuracy and lesion detectability. Deep learning-based denoising methods have demonstrated strong potential for improving PET image quality. However, their practical deployment in real-world settings remains challenging, often requiring multiple specialized models and expert interventions, such as identifying motion-induced misregistration artifacts, estimating noise levels to select an appropriate denoiser, and performing lesion-focused quantitative assessment after denoising. Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) for image quality understanding and large language models (LLMs) for contextual reasoning provide new opportunities for automated, decision-driven workflows. Inspired by expert workflows for PET image quality enhancement, we propose an VLM- and LLM-driven multi-agent PET denoising framework that dynamically assesses image quality and lesion status, autonomously selects optimal denoising models and parameters, and enables closed-loop feedback with rollback mechanisms. Experiments were conducted on Siemens Biograph Vision Quadra PET/CT data with 1/20 and 1/50 low-dose settings. Individual module evaluations demonstrated the reliability of the agentic components, while the complete framework achieved higher PSNR and SSIM than UNet, GAN, and DDPM baselines at both dose levels. These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of using a closed-loop multi-agent framework to adapt PET denoising strategies to different image conditions.