Submodular Policy Learning for Distributed Task Allocation in Open Multi-Agent Systems

Abstract

This paper studies policy learning for distributed task allocation in open multi-agent systems, where agents may join and leave in a time-varying fashion, with submodular stage team utilities. At each time, the active agents select actions from local categorical policies such that the feasible joint agent-action pairs form a partition matroid. Standard continuous relaxations of submodular set functions are based on independent Bernoulli sampling, making them inconsistent with agents' policies.To solve this mismatch, we propose the \emph{partition multilinear extension} (PME), a policy-based relaxation whose continuous support matches feasible actions under categorical policies.We prove that the marginal gains of the stage utility provide an unbiased estimator of the gradient of the PME and that maximizing the PME over action distributions is equivalent to maximizing the stage utilities over agent actions, which are critical to devise principled policy gradient.Building on this, we design \emph{SubMAPL}, a centralized-training decentralized-execution KL-mirror policy-learning method that uses local marginal gains as stochastic PME gradients during training. KL-mirror updates preserve categorical feasibility without Euclidean projection.In the case where agents run tabular-softmax policies, we introduce open policy migration and an open-system KL tracking variation to handle agent arrivals and departures. Using dynamic regret analysis, we establish a lower bound on the cumulative utility which accounts for the openness of the environment and for the gap between optimal stage-wise and global utilities. Simulations on multi-agent coverage demonstrate that SubMAPL outperforms policy-gradient and online-learning baselines.