Singularities of rational maps: foundations and surfaces

Abstract

We develop a theory of singularities of rational maps, focusing on maps $$ f\colon X\dashrightarrow \mathbb P^n, $$ and using their polarised graphs and normalised polarised graphs even when the source $X$ is very singular. To measure singularities of the map at a point $x\in X$, i.e. how far it is from being regular, we introduce invariants including the normalised graph fibre degree $δ_x(f)$, a generalised lc threshold $λ_x(f)$, and invariants measuring the singularities of the normalised graph itself. Numerous examples show that the resulting invariants measure genuinely different aspects of map singularities. We investigate the surface case in detail. We relate the normalised graph fibre degree to multiplicity, prove a sharp threshold--degree inequality for klt surface germs, and develop a detailed theory of linear type maps on smooth and singular surfaces. In particular, we connect the existence of linear type maps to existence of smooth curves through the given point, and with local class groups and complement theory. We conclude with questions and future directions concerning higher dimensions, complements and boundedness, moduli, Cremona groups, commutative algebra, curve-counting theories, and positive characteristic.