PANDA: A Matrix-Free Differentiable NMPC Solver via Proximal Averaged Quasi-Newton with Adaptive Linesearch Algorithm

Abstract

Differentiable nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) provides a principled way to embed optimal control structure into end-to-end learning paradigms, but its practical use is often limited by the computational and memory costs of both forward optimization and backward sensitivity propagation. This brief proposes PANDA, a matrix-free solver for differentiable NMPC. In the forward pass, PANDA combines proximal-gradient iterations with quasi-Newton acceleration and introduces an adaptive stepsize enlargement mechanism to mitigate the conservativeness of monotone stepsize reduction. The resulting stepsize behavior and its effect on local convergence are theoretically analyzed. In the backward pass, PANDA performs implicit differentiation from the residual equation and computes adjoint sensitivities using Krylov-subspace iterative methods together with automatic-differentiation-based Matrix-Vector product operators, thereby avoiding explicit Hessian and Jacobian construction. The method is evaluated on a nonconvex trailer NMPC problem embedded in an imitation learning task. The results show that PANDA achieves much faster forward and backward computation and lower memory overhead than representative differentiable optimization solvers, while maintaining effective imitation learning performance.