Millimeter-wave adaptive optics: Demonstrating closed-loop correction for lowest Zernike modes
Yoichi Tamura, Akio Taniguchi, Kotaro Iwakami, Ichiro Jikuya, Shion Takeno, Sachiko K. Okumura, Masaki Sakakibara, Akinobu Miyake, Masato Hagimoto, Kianhong Lee, Chihiro Imamura, Sho Fujisawa, Shutaro Inui, Masato Kato, Ryohei Kawabe, Mikio Kurita, Nozomi Okada, Juri Yamanaka
Abstract
We report on a five-element prototype wavefront sensor for millimeter-wave adaptive optics (MAO), enabling closed-loop correction of tip-tilt and defocus via secondary mirror (M2) displacement. MAO is essential for large ground-based millimeter/submillimeter telescopes to maintain surface accuracy under wind and thermal distortions. Our sensor, based on radio interferometry, measures excess path lengths from the primary mirror to a focal-plane receiver. A previous two-element prototype achieved < 10 um accuracy at the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. The new five-element system, operating at 20 GHz, was installed on the same telescope. A ``Moon-edge'' experiment confirmed detection of wavefront gradients through strong correlation with continuum flux. Implementing a PI controller closed the sensor-M2 loop, stably suppressing the lowest Zernike modes. This approach establishes a foundation for metrology in future large-aperture submillimeter facilities such as AtLAST/LST.
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