Hardness of approximation for minimum-weight decoding of two-dimensional topological quantum codes

Abstract

Efficient decoding is essential for the practical realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers. We study the computational complexity of minimum-weight decoding for topological quantum codes. For surface codes under the depolarizing channel, we consider Minimum-Weight decoding, which seeks a minimum-weight Pauli error consistent with both the $X$- and $Z$-syndromes. For color codes under independent $X$- and $Z$-error models, we consider Separate Minimum-Weight decoding. Assuming $P\neq NP$, we establish polynomial additive inapproximability gaps for these problems. Specifically, for the toric code and the $4.8.8$ color code on the torus, there exists a constant $c>0$ such that no polynomial-time algorithm can always produce a solution whose weight is within $cN^{1/14}$ of the optimum, where $N$ is the number of qubits, unless $P=NP$. For the planar surface code, we obtain an $Ω(N^{1/18})$ gap. Our inapproximability results use Håstad's hardness of approximation for MAX-3SAT. Our reduction develops a general, modular framework for embedding logical constraints into coupled primal--dual join problems on a lattice. A key ingredient is a localization argument that controls unintended interactions between different parts of the construction.