Real-time estimation of the transmission matrix of an atmospheric channel

Abstract

Optical wavelengths have received significant attention in free-space channels and are vital for applications in communications, imaging and sensing. Their widespread implementation is motivated by a variety of factors including improved bandwidths, increased security and higher energy efficiency. However, these advantages cannot be fully brought to bear in real-world scenarios due to the deleterious effects of atmospheric turbulence. Induced by small temperature and pressure fluctuations in the environment that vary rapidly in space and time, these effects cause significant power losses which decrease SNR, induce severe crosstalk in communication links, and greatly limit resolution of long-range imaging systems. To overcome this, we numerically and experimentally investigate the reconstruction of the transmission matrix of a time-evolving atmospheric channel with a real-time recursive optimization routine. We demonstrate that this estimation technique is able to keep up with the evolution of the channel and enables a significant improvement of communication-relevant quantities such as the coupling of the received light into a single-mode fiber while notably reducing the probability and duration of power outages, even in strong turbulence. Our results have immediate applications in free-space optical communication in both the classical and quantum regimes.