The role of weak interfaces in the tensile deformation and fracture of particle-filled polymers studied by phase-field model

Abstract

Weak particle-matrix interfaces play a critical role in the tensile fracture of particle-filled polymer composites, but how they govern progressive debonding, fracture localization, and the resulting changes in macroscopic mechanical properties remains insufficiently understood. In this study, a cohesive-zone phase-field model incorporating a hyperelastic polymer matrix and a smeared interface is employed to investigate the coupled evolution of interfacial debonding and matrix fracture in particle-filled polymer composites. The model is calibrated against and compared with uniaxial tensile responses of particle-filled polyurethane composites and then used to study how interfacial strength, interfacial fracture energy, and matrix fracture properties affect the macroscopic stress-strain response and damage evolution. The results show that weak interfaces can induce an intermediate softening regime in the stress-strain response, characterized by a reduced effective tangent stiffness and associated with distributed interfacial damage. Interfacial strength mainly controls the initiation of debonding, whereas interfacial fracture energy affects whether debonding can develop progressively in a distributed manner or rapidly localizes into a dominant crack band. Comparisons with well-bonded reference systems further demonstrate that weak interfaces may reduce the maximum stress but increase the strain at break by promoting distributed debonding around particles and delaying the formation of a dominant crack band. These findings clarify the dual role of weak interfaces and provide a mechanistic understanding of interface-controlled tensile failure in particle-filled polymer composites.