Modelling the onset and evolution of immiscible viscous fingering in porous media

Abstract

The simulation of viscous fingering in porous media is of direct relevance to displacement processes in petroleum engineering and hydrogeology. Building on recent work proposing a modelling approach for well-defined fingers at very adverse viscosity ratios, we investigate the physical mechanisms behind viscous fingering and the modelling requirements for capturing the finger scales and saturation patterns observed in experiments. We simulate and match a viscous fingering experiment at a viscosity ratio of $μ_{o}/μ_{w}{=}2000$, discussing the physical significance of each modelling step. Linear stability analysis is used to characterize the early-stage instability of the displacement. Subsequent numerical simulations show that, for the simulated finger scales to match the experiment, the most unstable wavelength at onset must be several times smaller than the desired finger width---so that, after accounting for shielding and merging in the nonlinear regime, the fingers remain thin. Small-scale channelling effects are also required to disrupt the trailing stable region commonly observed in simulations of viscous fingering in nearly homogeneous media. Finally, we show that including a weakly oil-wet capillary pressure function enables our model to capture the bypassed oil observed in the experiment.