A Sharp Curvature Threshold for GLMY Path Homology

Abstract

Let $G$ be a finite simple graph with at least one edge. We prove the sharp vanishing theorem \[ κ_{\min}^{\mathrm{LLY}}(G)>\frac12 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad \PathH_1(G;\R)=0. \] Equivalently, nonzero first GLMY path homology forces an edge of Lin--Lu--Yau curvature at most $1/2$. The threshold $1/2$ is sharp and is attained by $C_5$. The proof combines the cycle-space description of first GLMY path homology with the limit-free Laplacian characterization of Lin--Lu--Yau curvature. As a secondary consequence of the curvature-preserving universal-cover method, we prove that if $G$ is connected and $κ_{\min}^{\mathrm{LLY}}(G)>0$, then $π_1(\Xshort{5}(G),o)$ is finite, where $\Xshort{5}(G)$ is obtained by filling every simple cycle of length at most five. Equivalently, the normal subgroup generated by based simple $5$-cycle loops has finite index in $π_1^{\mathrm{GLMY}}(G,o)$. In higher degrees the situation is different: for each integer $r\geq1$, the Cartesian product $T_r=C_5^{\square r}$ has curvature $1/(2r)$ on every edge and, for every field $\F$, \[ \PathH_p(T_r;\F)\cong\F^{\binom rp}\qquad(0\leq p\leq r), \] so strict positivity of Lin--Lu--Yau curvature does not force higher-dimensional GLMY path homology to vanish.