Concept of Time-Reversal Characteristic Modes in Non-Free-Space Environments

Abstract

Characteristic modes possess a natural environmental interpretation in the current domain because the surrounding scene is carried by the Green function used to construct the impedance operator. An equally direct physical interpretation is less evident in the scattering domain once the background itself participates in propagation and feedback. This paper introduces a field-level definition of time-reversal characteristic modes based on the differential scattered field relative to a prescribed background. A characteristic state is identified when this additional field, after time reversal and propagation through the same background, regenerates the same differential scattering state up to a scalar modal factor. The concept is verified in two distinct non-free-space settings. For a finite structural background, it reproduces established substructure characteristic modes and agrees with a common-origin spherical-wave realization. For a PEC half-space, it agrees with the modes obtained from the half-space Green-function impedance operator, although the infinite plane has no natural finite-object transition matrix. The results show that the physical modal statement can remain unchanged even when the numerical representation of the environment is fundamentally different.