Direct linearization, Cauchy matrix and Sato Grassmannian

Abstract

Fu and Nijhoff's direct linearization scheme for the KP hierarchy and its reductions employs a system of evolution equations of an infinite matrix $U$ with quadratic nonlinearity. Part of the matrix elements of $U$ can be identified with affine coordinates $w_{ij}$ of the top cell of the Sato Grassmannian. The evolution equations of these matrix elements are identical to the evolution equations of $w_{ij}$ representing the KP hierarchy in geometric terms. This geometric interpretation can be extended to other matrix elements of $U$ by introducing negative flows to the evolution equations of $U$. The extended system turns out to be substantially equivalent to the two-component KP hierarchy. The Cauchy matrix approach to the KP hierarchy can be explained in this geometric perspective. Multi-component generalizations of Fu and Nijhoff's nonlinear system are related to the AKNS and ASDYM hierarchies. Multi-component Sato Grassmannians show up therein as the relevant geometric structure.