Dynamical development of long-range spatial coherence in non-equilibrium bosonic condensation

Abstract

Development of spontaneous coherence is one of the hallmarks of bosonic condensation in a variety of physical systems, such as cold atoms, confined photons, and hybrid light-matter quasiparticles like exciton polaritons in semiconductors. While spatial coherence is well understood once a steady-state condensate has been established, its temporal evolution as the condensate forms is largely unexplored. Here, we explore the dynamical formation of a non-equilibrium, driven-dissipative exciton-polariton condensate through both time-resolved experiments and numerical modeling. Our study reveals that the spatial coherence is established through two distinct stages. The early-time stage is interaction-driven and features transient oscillations in spatial coherence. This stage is followed by a steady-state regime characterized by a spatially-uniform high degree of coherence that extends over the entire size of the system and persists over time. These stages of spatial coherence development occur in both free flowing and confined exciton-polariton systems that undergo a quench - rapid growth of the condensate starting from two different initial settings. Our study offers a deep insight into the process by which long-range spatial coherence is established in a non-equilibrium bosonic condensate.