Scalar QED effective action in dS: implications for primordial magnetogenesis and the running of coupling constants

Abstract

Particles creation and vacuum polarization under the influence of both an electromagnetic field and a de~Sitter (dS) spacetime nonperturbatively probes quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum gravitational effects. By applying the gamma-function regularization to the in-out formulation, we find the exact one-loop effective action in the proper-time integral representation for a charged scalar field in a uniform electric field and a parallel magnetic field in a dS spacetime. It reduces to the one-loop scalar QED Weisskopf-Schwinger effective action in the limit of Minkowski spacetime and the one-loop effective action in the pure dS spacetime. After carefully considering the different limiting cases, a striking result concerns the effective strengths of the coupling constants in the pure strong electric field limit. Our study provides further evidence for evolution of Newton's gravitational constant under the influence of the external fields. Remarkably, the analysis of the effective potential shows that the leading order contributions to the vacuum polarization amplitude, depending on the nonminimal coupling threshold, give a nonzero vacuum expectation value of the magnetic field. This mechanism generates a large magnetic field in the early dS stage of the expansion that may imply primordial magnetogenesis.