Comparative Assessment of Frequency Scans using EMT and RMS Models

Abstract

Frequency scans of inverter and grid impedances are crucial for assessing small-signal stability and system strength in inverter-dominated power systems. This paper compares frequency-scan results for several generating units, including a synchronous generator, grid-following, and grid-forming inverters, using fully dq electromagnetic transient and root-mean-square (RMS) models in Simulink. The scans are performed for the same device rating and operating point. Frequency scans and time-domain simulations show that the RMS models are valid only at low frequencies. We find that the current-controlled grid-forming inverter is more difficult to represent in RMS than the voltage-controlled grid-forming inverter. However, including the inner voltage-control loops improves the accuracy of the RMS representation. The paper also investigates the influence of generator and grid impedance on the total system impedance seen from the point of common coupling and relates the oscillatory modes and zeros of the system to peaks and dips in the first and second singular values of the system impedance, respectively.