ITER: Interaction-Aware Retrieval for Agentic Search

Abstract

Deep-research agents answer complex user questions through an iterative sequence of search steps, where the agent autonomously formulates sub-queries to retrieve the evidence needed at each stage. However, existing retriever training typically relies only on the sub-query and its corresponding search results at the current step as training signals, leaving the information accumulated from previous interactions largely underutilized. We introduce ITER, an agent interaction-aware dense retriever trained using agent trajectory learning signals. ITER represents each query by incorporating not only the current sub-query, but also the main question, the agent's pre-search reasoning, and preceding sub-queries, and is trained using trajectory-relative learning signals derived from the agent's interactions. Across six agent backbones from three model families, ITER consistently outperforms the existing agent-trajectory-trained dense retriever, LRAT, achieving an average relative improvement of 6.9% on InfoSeek-Eval and 15.4% on BrowseComp-Plus. At the matched 4B scale, ITER outperforms AgentIR on InfoSeek-Eval for five of six backbones while achieving a higher visit-to-search recall ratio on BrowseComp-Plus across all six backbones. Ablations further show that structured interaction history and pre-search reasoning provide complementary retrieval context, while previously visited and useful documents, used as redundancy negatives in subsequent searches, provide the strongest trajectory-relative supervision.