Celestial probes of dark matter electromagnetic interactions

Abstract

We investigate the neutrino flux from the Sun and Earth, as well as the heating of Jupiter and white dwarfs, induced by the annihilation of spin-$1/2$ dark matter particles captured through their electromagnetic interactions with nuclei. Using current data, we derive constraints on the electromagnetic moments and compare them with existing bounds from direct dark matter searches, laboratory experiments, and astrophysical observations. We find that celestial bodies provide leading constraints in several regions of parameter space: the Earth is particularly sensitive to millicharged dark matter, while massive white dwarfs provide powerful probes of the magnetic dipole moment, charge radius, and anapole moment in regions where direct searches lose sensitivity. We illustrate the implications of these constraints in simplified models of Dirac and Majorana dark matter with radiatively generated electromagnetic moments, as we discuss the complementarity between capture in celestial bodies and other dark matter searches.