Deciphering Matter Invariants via Renormalization Group Equations for Neutrino Oscillations

Abstract

We utilize renormalization group equations (RGEs) for neutrino oscillations in matter to decipher the structure of exact matter invariants. By combining the RGEs with the $S^{}_3$ permutation covariance under relabeling of the neutrino mass eigenstates, we recast all five algebraically independent matter invariants in the three-flavor framework as exact first integrals. Treating the matter potential as a matter spurion and imposing the cancellation conditions for the $1/\widetildeΔ_{ij}^{}$ poles in the RGEs, we further prove that the three-flavor framework contains only two independent monomial invariants, which can be related to the Naumov and Toshev relations. We then extend the analysis to the four-flavor framework, where we uncover a complete set of eleven algebraically independent matter invariants and prove that the rank-two electron--sterile spurion obstructs the common pole cancellation required for any nontrivial multiplicative monomial invariant.