Robin Laplacians with point interactions on unbounded domains: discrete spectrum and coupling asymptotics

Abstract

We investigate the discrete spectrum of finitely many point interactions for Neumann and Robin Laplacians on special unbounded and exterior $C^{1,1}$ domains in dimensions two and three. The operators are realized as self-adjoint extensions through an ordinary boundary triple whose gamma field and Weyl matrix are constructed from the Robin Green kernel. Eigenvalues below the background spectrum are characterized by the Weyl matrix, yielding an exact finite-dimensional counting formula. If the background operator is non-negative, this also gives the number of negative eigenvalues without assuming a finite zero-energy limit of the Weyl matrix. In the one-centre case we identify the critical coupling and prove that the unique eigenvalue branch is real analytic, strictly increasing, and strictly concave. For scalar multicentre couplings $Θ=αI_N$, sufficiently strong attraction produces exactly $N$ eigenvalues below the background spectrum, and all of them have universal leading asymptotics coinciding with the whole-space laws. If the bottom of the background spectrum is an isolated eigenvalue, the branch exists for every finite coupling and we determine its leading decoupling asymptotics as the coupling tends to $+\infty$. Explicit exterior-sphere and exterior-disk models illustrate the critical couplings and their threshold behaviour.