Dark Matter Halo Tumbling Induced by Torques from Massive Mergers

Abstract

Dark Matter halos exhibit slow tumbling known as `figure rotation'. Figure rotation occurs in roughly $80\%$ of isolated $Λ$CDM halos and is relatively unaffected by baryonic feedback, making it an attractive and relatively unexplored test for $Λ$CDM. However, galaxy mergers are capable of exerting strong torques on a host halo's quadrupole, warranting an investigation of whether such interactions are capable of influencing figure rotation. Using isolated $N-$body simulations and 6 TNG50 halos containing MW analog galaxies, we investigate figure rotation in the context of massive mergers. For isolated galaxies we find that massive mergers elicit rotation of the host halo in both a rapid transient phase during the satellite infall with pattern speeds between $10^\circ-60^\circ$ Gyr$^{-1}$, and post-merger as a steady tumbling with pattern speeds between $2^\circ-40^\circ$ Gyr$^{-1}$ lasting for at least $6-8$ Gyr. Both transient and long-lived tumbling depend on the trajectory of the infalling satellite. We find that figure rotation can be induced by radial mergers with no orbital angular momentum, suggesting that tidal torques from the satellite are a driving mechanism. Meanwhile, TNG50 halos show quadrupole tumbling modified during major mergers in both pattern speed (3/6 halos) and rotation axis orientation (6/6 halos). Quadrupole tumbling remains stable after the last major merger in 5 of our 6 halos. Our results suggest that, rather than tracing the early tidal shear, figure rotation at present day may instead retain a dynamical memory of a halo's last major merger.