Toward Security-Resilient Cell-Free Massive MIMO: A Multi-Stage Framework

Abstract

This paper develops a robust security-resilient transmission framework for cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) systems under active pilot spoofing attacks. As a baseline, system performance is characterized under attack-free conditions to establish the target user's pre-attack service level. Upon attack detection, the system enters an absorption phase, during which, power allocation is adaptively adjusted across a limited subset of access points (APs) using contaminated channel state information (CSI). This phase quickly compensates for performance degradation while maintaining low operational overhead. Once the secrecy spectral efficiency (SSE) recovers to a prescribed loss level, the resulting power allocation initializes the restoration phase. Here, the transmit powers of all APs are jointly optimized, and a protective partial zero-forcing (PPZF) strategy further improves secrecy. In parallel, artificial noise (AN) is incorporated under a worst-case eavesdropping scenario accounting for large-scale fading uncertainty. The resulting stage-dependent non-convex problems are formulated within a unified framework and solved using successive convex approximation (SCA). Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves an effective time-quality tradeoff while maintaining the highest recovered secrecy; in a representative setup, it achieves gains of up to 3.6%, 15.7%, and 56% over the respective baseline schemes, with similar improvements under eavesdropper's channel uncertainty.