Non-Additivity of Microwave-Shielded Interactions between Dipolar Molecules

Abstract

Theoretical models of the effective interactions between microwave-shielded polar molecules typically rely on the assumption of pairwise additivity. In this work, we test the validity of this pairwise approximation by evaluating the exact many-body potential energy for configurations of three and four molecules. We demonstrate that this approximation fails for molecule configurations in the plane of the circularly polarized microwave field. In these planar geometries, many-body effects significantly increase the depth of the attractive potential well and shift the position of the repulsive barrier. Although out-of-plane interactions in three-dimensional arrangements weaken this non-additivity, the effective interactions between microwave-shielded dipoles are not a simple sum of pair interactions. In particular, their attractive well, crucial for self-bound clusters, can only be described by the full many-body potential energy.