State-Based Quantum Operations: Chameleon Gates

Abstract

We introduce chameleon gates as a natural generalization of conventional quantum controlled-gates. Chameleon gates are state-based quantum controlled-operations that retain standard elements such as control and target systems, while introducing a new feature: the quantum knob. This knob is a quantum signal (state) that determines the operation performed by the gate. Consequently, the action and form of a chameleon gate depend dynamically on the quantum knob, allowing the gate to adapt its operation and implement transformations that are not necessarily unitary. This shapeshifting property is in stark contrast to conventional quantum controlled-gates, whose actions are fixed and cannot be modified. We also propose how chameleon gates can be realized using conventional quantum gates available in current quantum technologies. We then employ chameleon gates as a useful building block within the recently proposed state-based quantum computation (SBQC) framework. Using this approach, we demonstrate the simulation of state-dependent (nonlinear) quantum evolutions.