Radiative double inverse seesaw and dark matter in an alternative gauged $U(1)_{B-L}$ model

Abstract

We propose a concrete theoretical framework for the double inverse seesaw mechanism within an alternative gauged $U(1)_{B-L}$ model, where the tiny neutrino masses emerge radiatively at the loop level in accordance with the 't Hooft naturalness criterion. By assigning non-universal $B-L$ charges of $(-4, -4, 5)$ to the right-handed neutrinos, we introduce vector-like fermions and two inert singlet scalars that circulate in the loop to generate the required mass terms. The spontaneous breaking of the $U(1)_{B-L}$ symmetry leaves a remnant $Z_2$ symmetry, which naturally stabilizes these new particles as dark matter (DM) candidates. We systematically investigate both fermionic and bosonic DM scenarios, assuming their interactions are predominantly mediated by the $B-L$ gauge boson ($Z'$). Our comprehensive analysis of the relic density, direct detection, and collider bounds reveals that the fermionic DM scenario is strongly favored. In contrast, the bosonic DM via the $Z'$ portal is severely constrained and largely ruled out by the latest direct detection experiments such as LZ, PandaX-4T, and XENONnT.