Finite-energy Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill state-enhanced optical interferometry

Abstract

We present the case of a Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) state-enhanced optical interferometry with detailed analysis of the phase sensitivity for both the SU(2) and SU(1,1) interferometers. The conventional quantum-enhanced SU(2) interferometer, employing coherent light at one input port and squeezed light at the other, is compared with a modified configuration using coherent light and a GKP state. While it is known that the squeezed vacuum state is the optimal Gaussian resource input mode when paired with the coherent state, we show that the finite-energy GKP state with sufficiently broad envelope outperforms the squeezed vacuum injection, irrespective of the presence of optical losses. This can be attributed to the enhanced robustness coming from the availability of multiple squeezed peaks in the GKP case. However, because lowering the mean photon number reduces the GKP envelope width, the squeezed vacuum input performs better when compared with a GKP state of equal or lower mean photon number. We also observe that optical losses tend to diminish the relative advantage of either input state, since both states approach the (unsqueezed) vacuum state asymptotically. Our work demonstrates the direct application of finite-energy GKP states in optical interferometry along with a methodology for estimating the quantum Fisher information (QFI) and presents a phase estimation procedure using non-Gaussian resources in comparison with conventional Gaussian states.