Self-organisation in hard-soft granular mixtures

Abstract

Self-organisation of granular systems is a key determinant of their macroscopic behaviour and has been studied extensively in assemblies of hard particles. We use numerical simulations to test this understanding in mixtures of hard and soft particles, focusing on cells, the smallest irreducible loops of the contact network, as structural descriptors. We show that, while the cell statistics display robust qualitative features under isotropic compaction, they depend on inter-particle friction, $μ$, and soft-particle fraction, $κ$. Specifically, (i) the quadron area distributions retain a $Γ$ form, albeit with parameters that vary systematically with $μ$ and $κ$. (ii) Predictions of the cell order distribution (COD) by maximising the entropy, without taking mechanical stability into consideration, become increasingly inaccurate at large cell orders. (iii) Irrespective of $μ$, the normalised cell stress distributions collapse onto one master Weibull form, whose only shape parameter depends weakly on $κ$. This suggests a quasi-universal form that may deteriorate slightly at very high fractions of soft particles. (iv) Cells align preferentially along the local major principal stress direction, showing the same coordinated stress--structure self-organisation as in hard particles. The relative robustness of cell statistics to the addition of soft particles suggests that hard and hard--soft granular mixtures can be described by one model.