Critical current anisotropy of practical superconductors: analysis methods and application cases

Abstract

The analysis of critical current anisotropy is important for improving superconductor-based devices. This article critically evaluates contemporary techniques for analyzing the angular dependence of critical current in practical superconductors, focusing on second-generation high-temperature superconducting tapes (coated conductors). These techniques are based on the scaling model, vortex path model, or anisotropic pinning model. We present empirical findings on critical current angular dependencies in coated conductors of different chemical compositions. Distinctive features are highlighted: the complex effect of rare-earth substitution in the HTS composition on the pinning landscape, peak asymmetry, and the dependence of critical current on Lorentz force direction at fixed magnetic field direction. The described techniques are then applied to the experimental dataset. A refined anisotropic pinning model is introduced to accurately describe certain observed phenomena. Approximation accuracy of the models is assessed using the coefficient of determination adjusted for the number of fitting variables. The fundamental disparity in interpreting angular dependencies with different models is emphasized. No universal methodology yet comprehensively explains all features or links them to the defective structure of the HTS material. This is a critical gap in understanding superconductor behavior under varying conditions and highlights the need for further research.