Factoring six-digit integers with superconducting quantum circuits

Abstract

Integer factorization is a central computational problem with important applications in public-key cryptography. Here, we demonstrate a quantum factorization protocol using a superconducting circuit. Microwave drives are used to engineer a highly tunable effective two-level Hamiltonian whose eigenvalues can be measured spectroscopically. The target integer \(N\) and each candidate factor pair (\(p\),\(q\)) are encoded into the amplitudes, frequencies, and phases of the applied microwave fields. By scanning the candidate pairs while monitoring the spectral response at zero energy, we identify the factor pairs of integers up to six digits. The protocol requires neither two-qubit gates nor quantum entanglement. Its performance is currently limited by the precision of microwave control and the finite linewidth of the spectroscopic response. Improved control accuracy and longer coherence times would extend the accessible range of integers.