Global existence for a scalar quasilinear wave equation in two space dimensions beyond the cubic null condition

Abstract

We prove global existence, both to the future and to the past, for a family of scalar quasilinear wave equations in two space dimensions for sufficiently small $C_c^\infty$ initial data. These equations have cubic leading quasilinear nonlinearities of the form $u^2\partial^2u$ and satisfy a sign condition that allows the cubic null condition to fail. To explain the sign condition, we derive the geometric reduced system for quasilinear wave equations with cubic leading nonlinearities in two space dimensions and introduce a notion of geometric weak null condition. We prove that the geometric weak null condition holds for the model scalar equation if and only if the sign condition holds. At the level of the geometric reduced system, the sign condition prevents the corresponding characteristic curves from intersecting in finite time. We also recover the geometric reduced system from the global solutions in our main theorem. If the model scalar equation satisfies the sign condition but fails the cubic null condition, and if $u$ is a nonzero global solution to the model equation, we show that, for $r=|x|$, the $L^\infty$ norm of $t^{\frac{1}{2}}\partial_r^2u$ in a region where $|r-t|\ll t$ tends to infinity as $t\to\infty$. Thus, its asymptotic behavior differs from that of a solution to the linear wave equation $\Box ψ=0$ with $C_c^\infty$ data.