Componentwise and Measure-Sensitive Bounds for One-Dimensional Time-Frequency Localization

Abstract

We prove explicit upper bounds for the number of eigenvalues of a one-dimensional time-frequency localization operator in an open transition window. An abstract residual-energy principle combines a rank-N approximant with the Hilbert-Schmidt energy of its remainder and retains the strict integer correction imposed by the open threshold. For the Fourier kernel, centered least-squares polynomials, optimized moments, and Chebyshev-Bessel truncations improve or match the diameter-Taylor certificate; on interval blocks the moment envelope gains the exact factor 1/(2N+1). Finite measurable partitions yield best-polynomial matrix and residual-energy bounds, together with two-level threshold allocations that exploit spatial or Fourier-side orthogonality and remain stable under large empty gaps. A complementary defect channel gives a componentwise variational Schatten envelope for finite interval unions. For arbitrary finite-measure hard windows, exact cross-boundary and symmetric-difference formulas give strict transition counting and a certified near-one cluster that can be subtracted from direct counts. We also treat integrable soft masks, a root-sum-square core-tail decomposition, and unbounded windows controlled by moments. An explicit unbounded finite-measure set has all polynomial moments and infinite fractional translation perimeter for every order in (0,1], yet admits an O(log(1/epsilon)/log log(1/epsilon)) certificate. Finally, kernels with finitely many bounded separated phase interactions and finite separated amplitude rank admit factorial, least-squares, Chebyshev-Bessel, span-compressed, and anisotropic-degree bounds. For bounded hard Fourier windows, the final hybrid is no larger than the corresponding earlier certificates proved here; no universal comparison with all regular-domain estimates is asserted.