Information Erasure and Quantum Imprint in Quantum Measurement and First-Order SPAM Error Separation

Abstract

We introduce information erasure and quantum imprint as two properties that classify quantum instruments. Information erasure is the property that an appropriate postselection can render the distribution of earlier measurement outcomes independent of the initial quantum state while retaining all outcome branches. Quantum imprint is the complementary property that no admissible postselection can eliminate this state dependence. We show that this classification has a nontrivial structure and that the natural intuition that measurements providing more information about the initial quantum state should be less likely to exhibit information erasure does not hold in general. We further show that, under a sufficiently reliable postselection, information erasure enables first-order separation of state-preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors. Specifically, the first-order contribution of state-preparation error vanishes from the posterior distribution, whereas visible first-order contributions of measurement error remain. This result recasts SPAM error separation from the problem of simultaneously characterizing state preparation and measurement into the problem of realizing a reliable postselection.