Link-middle-cut lower bounds for Clifford circuit synthesis

Abstract

Minimizing the number of CNOT gates required to synthesize a Clifford operator is a central problem in quantum circuit optimization. We extend the link--middle--cut (LMC) framework for linear reversible circuits to Clifford operators represented by binary symplectic tableaux. By introducing block-support connectivity graphs and determinantal invariants, we obtain efficiently computable lower bounds on ancilla-free CNOT complexity. We prove that these bounds are tight for qubit permutations: a permutation of $n$ qubits with $k$ cycles requires exactly $3(n-k)$ CNOT gates, even when arbitrary one-qubit Clifford gates are available. We also derive efficiently computable bounds for synthesis up to a permutation of the output qubits, corresponding to free qubit relabeling. Finally, we further demonstrate the utility of the bound by using it as an admissible heuristic for $A^*$-based Clifford synthesis and show that, on benchmark instances, the resulting search can prove optimality beyond what was possible with earlier SAT-based methods, and that it may be used in combination with earlier $A^*$ heuristics to improve the CNOT counts obtained through heuristic search.