Error-corrected function estimation advantage in multiparameter Hamiltonians

Abstract

We establish the ultimate precision limits for estimating a function of multiple Hamiltonian parameters in the presence of Markovian noise. By reducing multiparameter function estimation to an optimization over effective single-parameter embeddings, we derive tight bounds on the quantum Fisher information. We identify a necessary and sufficient functional Hamiltonian-not-in-Lindblad-span condition for Heisenberg-limited scaling in time. When this condition holds, we construct a code that simultaneously removes the noise and nuisance Hamiltonian parameters while preserving the target signal. When it fails, we derive the optimal standard quantum-limit coefficient and show that it is asymptotically attainable using approximate quantum error correction. Finally, we demonstrate that direct function estimation can substantially outperform estimating all parameters individually and subsequently evaluating the function. This advantage can scale with both the evolution time and the number of parameters.