Topological Flame Bifurcation, Aerodynamic Flashback Margins, and Multi-Pathway NOx Scaling in a 3D Swirl-Stabilized 100% Pure Hydrogen Aero-Engine Combustor

Abstract

Burning neat hydrogen in aircraft turbines eliminates carbon emissions, yet rapid reaction rates trigger nozzle flashback hazards and high nitrogen oxide emissions across flight throttles. This study investigates aerothermal holding mechanisms, flashback safety margins, and emission pathways in a dual-swirl combustor across equivalence ratios from 0.55 to 1.00. Three-dimensional simulations combine curvature-corrected shear-stress transport turbulence closure, dual-rate finite-rate and eddy-dissipation chemical kinetics, and discrete ordinates radiation, validated against experimental laser benchmarks using ASME grid standards. Advancing engine throttle triggers a topological flame transition from a faceplate-attached M-flame at lean idle to a lifted V-flame above equivalence ratio 0.895, while wall flashback safety indices consistently exceed 3.42. Nitric oxide emissions transition from water-chaperoned nitrous oxide intermediate reactions at lean idle (28.01 ppm, EINOx = 1.85 g/kg), scaling to 319.21 ppm (EINOx = 35.40 g/kg) at takeoff under thermal Zeldovich dominance, governed by a power-law exponent of 4.92. These findings deliver validated operability limits and establish an accessible workstation-based screening methodology for practical zero-carbon aero-engine combustor development.