From Dead-Band to Steady Rotation: Three-Dimensional Vortex Dynamics of Self-Starting Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines

Abstract

The self-starting behavior of vertical-axis wind turbines is strongly influenced by the development of vortical structures along the span. However, a fully coupled high-fidelity three-dimensional analysis of this process requires substantial computational resources. This study presents a computationally efficient, spanwise-periodic, three-dimensional large-eddy simulation framework in OpenFOAM. The motion of the rotor is prescribed using a combination of two logistic functions to reproduce the angular-velocity evolution of a vertical-axis wind turbine undergoing self-starting. The results show that boundary-layer separation and the subsequent roll-up of the separated shear layer generate detached vortical structures that convect into the wake as finite spanwise segments. The deformation of these structures along the span increases with increasing spanwise extent. The dead-band is characterized by sustained wake interference and weak net acceleration, whereas the rapid-acceleration stage exhibits greater attachment of the flow, with separation confined to smaller regions near the blade. During quasi-steady operation, the shedding of vortices into the wake becomes repeatable, and downstream blade--vortex interactions are reduced. The approach based on the prescribed motion of the rotor enables computationally efficient, spanwise-resolved studies of vortex evolution suitable for parametric investigations and the evaluation of flow-control devices.