Evaluating the Robustness of Japanese LLMs to IME-Related and Typographical Errors

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across various natural language processing tasks. However, their robustness to typographical errors remains underexplored, particularly in Japanese, where text input involves multiple writing systems and IME-based conversion. In this study, we evaluate the robustness of Japanese LLMs against realistic Japanese-specific typos. We introduce five typo categories: Character Transposition, Character Replacement, Homophone Conversion, Japanese IME Conversion, and Full-Width Conversion. These perturbations are applied to three Japanese benchmark datasets (JMMLU, JCommonsenseQA, and JamC-QA), and eleven Japanese and multilingual LLMs are evaluated. The results show that Character Transposition and Character Replacement typos consistently reduce accuracy across benchmarks, whereas IME Conversion, Full-Width Conversion, and Homophone Conversion have relatively limited impact. These findings reveal that current Japanese LLMs remain vulnerable to realistic Japanese typing errors, particularly those that substantially distort the original input, highlighting the importance of robustness evaluation in practical input environments.