LineupRL: Verifiable Reinforcement Learning for Time Series Captioning via Caption-to-Series Identification

Abstract

Time series captioning is a fundamental step in time series understanding and can also serve as the bridge between signal and natural language. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) relies on a larger model's captions and cannot exceed their quality. Reinforcement learning (RL) can, but its rewards were designed for other modalities and other tasks, and they transfer poorly to open-ended generation in the time series domain. We address this by proposing LineupRL, a reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) pipeline whose reward is caption-to-series identification. The reward model is a frozen large language model (LLM) verifier that reads the generated caption and the candidate time series as raw values, never the chart, and must pick the described time series from multiple distractors. Matching is a far lighter demand on the verifier than writing questions or judging a caption, so an off-the-shelf LLM can supply the reward. Across two captioning benchmarks, and on forecasting and reconstruction where the predictor sees only the caption, LineupRL outperforms SFT and RL baselines on every metric. The 3B vision language model (VLM) trained by LineupRL also outperforms, at 1/24 of the parameters, the 72B VLM whose captions the SFT baseline is distilled from. Our case study shows that LineupRL resists reward hacking, and that the captioner it trains both traces the trend and names the values at key points.