Metric Variation of the Energy-Momentum Tensor of a Perfect Fluid and Its Applications to Cosmology and Neutron Stars

Abstract

We show that the expressions for the matter Lagrangian \(L_m\) and the metric variation \(δT_{μν}\) of a perfect fluid obtained in previous studies appear to be inconsistent with the standard energy-momentum tensor under general conditions. Consequently, a large number of studies in astrophysics and cosmology relying on these expressions may need to be re-examined. By performing a series of straightforward calculations directly on the standard energy-momentum tensor \(T_{μν}\) together with the particle number conservation condition, we derive an expression for \(δT_{μν}\) that is independent of the choice of \(L_m\). Applying this result to \(f(R,T)\) gravity, we obtain the exact form of the tensor \(Θ_{μν} = g^{σρ} \frac{δT_{σρ}}{δg^{μν}}\), which remains an important yet long-standing controversial quantity. This expression is shown to hold also for radiation, regardless of whether particle number is conserved. A major result is that if the energy-momentum tensor \(T_{μν}\) of the Universe consists solely of standard components (baryonic/cold dark matter, radiation, and the cosmological constant), then \(f(R,T)\) gravity satisfies the conservation law \(\nabla_μT^{μν} = 0\) for any function \(f(R,T)\). This contrasts with previous studies, which found that the conservation law holds only for a restricted class of \(f(R,T)\) functions. Applying the same formalism to stellar interiors, we derive a class of functions that preserve the conservation law. We construct a specific \(f(R,T)\) model that is consistent at both cosmological scales and in high-density objects such as neutron stars. Remarkably, the same parameter set in this model simultaneously alleviates the Hubble tension and reproduces the observed mass-radius (M--R) relation of neutron stars.