Correspondence between Asymptotic Quantum Many-Body Scars in Closed Systems and Diffusive Nambu-Goldstone Modes in Open Systems

Abstract

Hydrodynamic relaxation in open quantum many-body systems can be understood in terms of diffusive Nambu--Goldstone (NG) modes associated with strong-to-weak spontaneous symmetry breaking (SWSSB). Here, we find a common structure underlying weak ergodicity breaking in closed quantum systems and diffusive hydrodynamics in open quantum systems. We establish a spectral correspondence between the parent Hamiltonian of rainbow quantum many-body scar (RQMBS) states in closed systems and the effective Lindbladian of strongly dissipative open systems with strong $U(1)$ symmetry and local charge-dephasing Lindblad operators. For broad classes of spin, fermionic, and bosonic systems, we construct asymptotic RQMBS (ARQMBS) states. Within the enlarged scar subspace, the parent Hamiltonian admits a local Rokhsar--Kivelson-type frustration-free decomposition. A single-mode variational construction gives an $O(k^2)$ upper bound on its lowest excitation energy and yields states satisfying the defining ARQMBS criteria: orthogonality, vanishing energy variance, and characteristic entanglement scaling. Under vectorization, RQMBS states are mapped to maximally mixed infinite-temperature states in fixed-charge sectors, which exhibit long-range SWSSB order under finite-density conditions. Assuming uniformly bounded positive transition rates, the effective Lindbladian has the same local projectors as the parent Hamiltonian but with positive transition-dependent weights, yielding two-sided spectral bounds and the same system-size scaling of their gaps. For uniform rates, the two operators are proportional to each other and their eigenmodes coincide. Therefore, an exact quadratic parent-Hamiltonian branch maps directly to a diffusive NG mode. Our results connect different mechanisms of slow relaxation in closed and open quantum many-body systems.